The Energy Transition in Mozambique

Mozambique occupies a critical position within the global landscape of critical minerals and the energy transition, underpinned by its significant resource base and growing role as a supplier to international markets. The country hosts substantial reserves of graphite, essential for lithium-ion battery anodes, and heavy mineral sands rich in titanium, zircon and ilmenite, alongside rare earth elements and tantalum. These minerals are fundamental to advanced energy storage, electric vehicles, aerospace components and digital technologies. Strategically located along the Indian Ocean, with access to key shipping routes and ports, Mozambique offers important supply chain diversification during heightened global concern over mineral security. Significant investments from China, the European Union and other partners reflect the geopolitical relevance of Mozambique’s mineral sector. In parallel, the government is pursuing renewable energy development, including hydropower, solar and emerging green hydrogen projects, to support domestic energy access and industrial growth. Against the backdrop of global competition for critical resources, Mozambique’s mineral wealth, logistics infrastructure and regional ties position it as an increasingly important actor in the geopolitics of the energy transition.