The Energy Transition in Scotland

Scotland’s energy transition is underpinned by a strong commitment to renewables, ambitious climate targets, and world-class natural resources. Government policy aims to achieve net zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2045, five years ahead of the UK target. Strategic priorities include scaling offshore and onshore wind, developing green hydrogen production, advancing carbon capture technologies, and expanding solar PV and tidal energy. Significant progress is already underway, with renewables supplying over 87% of Scotland’s electricity demand, led by onshore and offshore wind, hydroelectric power, and growing battery storage projects. Grid modernisation programmes and plans for a supergrid aim to enhance system resilience and enable wider energy export across the UK and Europe. Critical minerals production in Scotland remains limited, though exploration for lithium, graphite, and rare earth elements is advancing. The UK Critical Minerals Strategy supports diversification, recycling, and international partnerships to reduce supply chain risks and secure access by 2030. Investment in clean technology manufacturing, offshore energy infrastructure, and transmission upgrades is central to Scotland’s economic strategy. The country’s vast Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) offers major opportunities for offshore wind expansion and future seabed mineral development. Challenges persist, including grid bottlenecks, supply chain constraints, permitting delays, and balancing renewable expansion with environmental protections. However, strong opportunities exist in floating offshore wind, energy storage innovation, and building green industrial clusters to drive sustainable growth. With bold climate leadership, resource abundance, and strategic investment, Scotland is well placed to shape the future of global energy transition and critical minerals resilience.