The Energy Transition in Cuba

Cuba’s energy transition is shaped by efforts to reduce its dependence on imported fossil fuels, enhance energy security, and diversify its energy mix through renewables. The Cuban Renewable Energy Development Policy and the National Economic and Social Development Plan 2030 set targets for renewables to contribute 24% of electricity generation by 2030, focusing on solar PV, wind, biomass, and small hydropower. State-owned Unión Eléctrica (UNE) oversees the sector, with government initiatives encouraging foreign investment and technology transfer despite longstanding US sanctions that complicate access to financing and equipment. While Cuba possesses some mineral resources, including nickel and cobalt, both critical for battery technologies and renewables, the bulk of these are exported, not processed locally for domestic energy use. Renewable deployment faces challenges from ageing infrastructure, grid instability, hurricane risks, and financing constraints. However, opportunities exist through international cooperation, particularly with partners such as China, Russia, and the EU, in addition to regional organisations like ALBA and CELAC. Cuba’s mineral wealth, combined with its renewable targets and strategic focus on energy diversification, positions the country to advance its energy transition while navigating complex geopolitical and economic conditions.